Car with at least four wheels and no more than nine seats for the transport of persons, see passenger cars.
, 1906 MERCEDES SIMPLEX
The motorcycle is the main means of transport in terms Vietnam.El automobile (from Greek auto, "self" and the Latin mobile "moving") is mainly a self-propelled vehicle and designed their own engine and road transportation of persons or things without rails.
Although the term car par excellence is used to refer to passenger cars, other types of cars, trucks, buses, vans, motorcycles, tricycles or quad bikes.
In Spain, Royal Decree 2822/1998 of 23 December, which approves the General Regulation of Vehicles, define 'car' in Annex II as "motor vehicle which is used normally for transport of persons or things, or both at once, or to tow other vehicles for such purpose. Excluded from this definition of special vehicles. " Also, that decree defines' motor vehicle 'as' motor vehicle equipped for propulsion. Excluded from this definition, mopeds, trams and vehicles for disabled guests. "
A car has several tires and wheels with capacity of at least one seat for the driver. Some wheels, usually the front, (they can be the back like a dump truck) can change their orientation to the side to allow turning and cornering, controlled by the driver via a steering wheel.
HISTORY.
The car, with a combustion engine was invented in Germany in 1886 by Karl Benz. Soon after other pioneers such as Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach had to turn their models. The first long trip in a car was made by Bertha Benz in 1888, going from Mannheim to Pforzheim, cities separated by 105 km. It note that it was a landmark in the old car because a car of this age had the maximum speed 20 km / h, spent far more fuel than it now spends a vehicle at the same speed and the fuel was bought in pharmacies, which was not available in large quantities.
In 1910, Henry Ford started producing cars in an assembly line, extremely innovative system that allowed it to reach production figures hitherto unthinkable. Future
car
[edit] Currently studying new ways to move more quickly and efficiently which includes better roads to move about. The old view of the flying car future is now discarded, since the power required to hover would be much higher.
A possible future of the automobile is replaced by public transportation more energy efficient. This can happen because of oil shortages and consequent price increase.
Another future direction will be the self car without a driver. There have been two contests, the Department of Defense United States, where several cars have made self-drive tour, in the first case in the desert Mohave and the second by a city.
CAR CLASSIFICATION.
Depending on the seating capacity and their intended use, different types of cars.
A passenger car is designed for private transport of people, a charging car designed to transport goods, and a race car used in motorsport.
The three most common types are passenger car, truck and sports car. Truck covers several more specific types: auto SUV, minivan, pickup and van. The other two include different bodies, but not essentially different types of cars. Another type of car is the military, commonly used in wars, they can move to places where a stock car would not.
propulsion method [edit] The cars are propelled by an internal combustion engine or electric motor powered by an energy normally stored in the vehicle.
For the engine, a fuel reacts with an oxidizer, typically oxygen from the air in a combustion within a combustion engine. By this reaction exothermic energy of of the chemical bonds of the reactants is released as heat energy through a thermodynamic process, is partly transformed into mechanical energy. In automotive, internal combustion engines are most commonly used internal combustion engines, especially Otto alternative engines and diesel engines, but also used Wankel rotary engines.
In the case of the electric motor, batteries are used to support multiple cycles of loading and unloading. During discharge, the internal energy of the reactants is partially transformed into electrical energy. This process is performed by an electrochemical reaction of redox, oxidation resulting in the negative, which acts as an anode, and reduced the positive terminal, which acts as a cathode. The electrical energy generated is converted by the electric motor into mechanical energy. During loading, provides power to the battery to increase its internal energy and the reaction reversible oxidation-reduction is performed in the opposite direction of the discharge, leading to a reduction in the negative, which acts as a cathode and oxidation at the positive terminal serving as the anode.
FUELS. Recharging
a passenger car with natural gas.
four-stroke engine of a Brazilian flex-fuel vehicle with a small gasoline reservoir used for cold start when the temperature is below 15 ° C. Currently, the fuels used to power internal combustion engines in Cars are some petroleum products and natural gas, such as gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gases (butane and propane), natural gas or compressed natural gas vehicle. Outside the field of cars using alternative fuels to drive vehicles of other means of transportation such as fuel oil in some boats or kerosene gas turbines in aviation.
In some countries also use biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel. The major producers of bioethanol are Brazil and the United States, followed distantly by the European Union, China and Canada, [8] usually from the fermentation of sugar in agricultural products like corn, sugar cane, sugar beet or cereals such as wheat or barley. Biodiesel is produced mainly by the European Union and the United States [9] mostly from the esterification and transesterification of oilseed oils, used or unused, such as sunflower, palm and soya.
There is debate about the viability of these fuels and energy questioning the effect they have to compete with the availability of land for growing food. However, both the impact on the environment and the effect on the price and availability of food depends on the type of input used to produce biofuel. In the case of bioethanol when produced from corn is considered that the impacts are significant and their energy is lower, while ethanol production in Brazil from sugarcane is considered sustainable.
ELECTRIC AND HYBRID DRIVE.
recently has begun to produce series electric motor cars. While the autonomy of these vehicles is still limited due to low electrical charge stored in batteries per unit mass in the future this capability could be increased. The level of contamination depends on how you used to generate electricity and primary energy sources used.
has also begun the marketing of hybrid cars, which have an engine and an electric motor. The latter works when the car runs at low speed in some other engine models with the heat off. The batteries are recharged by the energy released by an electric generator driven by the engine or to stop the car with regenerative braking.
other propulsion systems.
Diagram of a stack of combustible.Otra form of energy for cars is hydrogen, which is not a primary energy source but an energy carrier, it is necessary for obtaining energy consumption. The combination of hydrogen with oxygen leaves as the only waste steam. There are two methods to take advantage of hydrogen, one by an internal combustion engine and another with fuel cells, a technology currently face and in the process of development. Hydrogen usually obtained from hydrocarbons by steam reforming process. Could be obtained by electrolysis of water, but not usually done because it is a process that consumes lots of energy.
There are also experimental engines powered by compressed air operated or solar energy.
A CAR TECHNICAL DATA CONTAINED IN THE CATALOGUE. VOLVO
460.
establishments that sell new cars make it easy for buyers who are interested in their commercial catalogs vehicles where data for each model are as follows:
MOTOR: ENGINE TYPE
internal combustion engine electric motor
engine available rotary engine (in the Mazda RX-7 and Mazda RX-8)
Displacement, bore cylinder per stroke by number of cylinders.
Compression ratio Maximum power. KW and CV, including engine speed (rpm) to which that power is achieved. Maximum torque
. In Nm, indicating the engine speed when you reach the pair.
type fuel feed system, indicating whether carbureted or direct or indirect injection.
Type air supply system, turbocharged or atmospheric. Fuel used
Alternator Capacity Battery. Usually stated in Ampere-hours (Ah)
tank capacity
Features Maximum speed (km / h)
acceleration time from 0 to 100 km / h (s)
acceleration time between two speed in a particular place (s)
acceleration time to travel 1000 m from the start to move (s)
Consumption: urban cycle, extra-urban cycle, weighted. Usually indicated in l/100km in Europe and in miles per gallon (mpg) in the United States.
CO2 emissions in the urban cycle, the extra urban cycle and weighed. It is expressed in g / km.
Transmission: Gearbox type, number of gears, gear ratios, speed of movement to a certain engine speed in each gear.
Brakes: type (disc brake, drum brake, brake, ABS), dimensions
Wheels: rims and tires dimensions
Other: type of front and rear suspension, steering type , minimum turning radius. Body
Body type gauge length, width and height
Wheelbase (distance between axles) and front and rear tracks
Luggage capacity
Mass, tare mass, maximum permissible maximum towable mass (with brake and unrestrained in the trailer).
POLLUTION.
in Europe is spreading among consumers tend to buy cars that generate less pollution, a major current problems in the world and closely related to climate change. Some brands, like Honda or Toyota, is already moving towards the electrification of transport vehicles Hybrid (gasoline engine and electric).
In Spain, the energy label and are also available for cars. Vehicles classified as A and B emit CO2 levels below the threshold of 120 g / km, vehicles classified as G, however, emit more than twice.
JATO Dynamics Society (en), born in 1984 in over 40 countries which are evaluated by averaging the marks that produce cleaner vehicles. FIAT research ranked first with 133.7 g / km (grams of CO2 per kilometer). Peugeot followed with 138.1 g / km, Citroen to 142.4 g / km, Renault with 142.7 g / km, Toyota with 144.9 g / km Ford closes the list with 147.8 g / km.
Today the European emission standard does not limit CO2 emissions in cars, but does indicate the CO2 emitted by cars on the energy label and the entry into force of Euro V on 1 September 2009 and after an adjustment period ending in 2012, will reduce the average levels of CO2 for each brand to 130 g / km. It should be noted that emissions of CO2 (g / km) of a heat engine is proportional to fuel consumption (l / km), considering that perform a complete combustion, being the aspect ratio different for each fuel, depending on the concentration of carbon.
RENOVASION.
Because newer cars are safer and cleaner, many countries offer tax incentives for owners to dispose of their old models and buy newer ones.
For example, in Spain there REVIVE plan that encourages the modernization of the fleet of motor vehicles to increase vehicle safety and environmental protection. This program applies to new passenger capacity of less than 1.5 liters. Other programs are the Comprehensive Plan consists of the Automotive Competitiveness Plan, worth 800 million euros, the Plan VIVE II and the commitment to the hybrid electric vehicle, with the aim that in 2014 English carts traversing a million electric cars. To this end, proposes to launch a pilot program called Project Novelle, consisting of the introduction in 2009 and 2010, and within urban environments, 2,000 electric vehicles to replace petrol and diesel cars.
also in Latin America, Ecuador's government is promoting a project to renew the fleet, to be optional for taxis and buses over 5 years old, while it is mandatory for vehicles over 30 years old. It offers a bonus paid in part by the automaker and partly by the government, while the older the vehicle the higher the bonus.
